ipatable

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t d			・・	c ・	k ・	q G		・
Nasal	m	・	n			・	・	・	N
Trill	B		r						R
Tap or Flap			・			・
Fricative	Φ β	f v	θ ・	s z	・・	・・	・・	x γ	χ ・	・・	h ・
Lateral fricative			・・
Apporoximant		・	・			・	j	・
Lateral approximant			l			・	・	L

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives

・ Bilabial ・ Bilabial ' as in:

| Dental ・ Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial

! (Post)alveolar ・ Polatal t' Dental/alveolar

・ Palatoalveolar ・ Velar k' Velar

∥ Alveolar lateral ・ Uvular s' Alveolar fricative

SUPURASEGMENTALS

・ Primary stress ・fo・n・・tI・・n

・ Secondary stress

・ Long e・

・ Half-long e・

・・ Extra-short e・

. Syllable break ・i.・kt

| Minor (foot) group

∥ Major (intonation) group

・・・ Linking (absence of a break)

TONES & WORD ACCENTS

LEVEL CONTOUR

e・or・ Extra
high e・or・ Rising

e・or・ High e・or・ Falling

e・or・ Mid High rising

e・or・ Low Low rising

e・or・ Extra
low Rising-falling
etc.

↓ Downstep ・ Global rise

↑ Upstep ・ Global fall

DIACRITICALS

・・ Voiceless n・ d・・・ Breathy voiced b・ a・・・ Dental t・ d・

・・ Voiced s・ t・・・ Creaky voiced b・ a・・・ Apical t・ d・

^h Aspirated t^h d^h ・・ Linguolabial t・ d・・・ Laminal t・ d・

・・ More rounded ・・ ^w Labialized t^w d^w ・・ Nasalized e・

・・ Less rounded ・・ ^j Palatalized t^j d^j ⁿ Nasal release dⁿ

・・ Advanced u・ ^γ Velarised t^γ d^γ ^l Lateral release d^l

・・ Retraced i・ ^・ Pharyngealized t^・ d^・・・ No audible release d・

・・ Centralized e・・・ Velarized or pharyngealized l・

・・ Mid-centralized e・・・ Raised e・ (・・ =voiced bilabial fricative)

・・ Syllabic ・・・・ Lowered e・ (β・ =voiced bilabial approximant)

・・ Non-syllabic e・・・ Advamced Tongue Root e・

・ Rhoticity ・・・・ Retraced Tongue Root e・

VOWELS

Front Central Back

Close i ・ y ─ ─ ─ ─ ・・・ ─ ─ ─ ・・ u

＼ I Y ＼・ │

Close-mid e ・・ ─ ─ ─ ・・・ ─ ─ ・・ o

＼・ │

Open-mid ε ・・ ─ ─ ・・・ ─ ・・・

・＼・ │

Open a ・・ ─ ─ ─ ─ ・・・

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right
represents a rounded vowel.

OTHER SYMBOLS

・ Voicelss labial-velar fricative ・・ Alveolo-palatal fricatives

w Voiced labial-velar approximant ・ Alvelar lateral flap

・ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ・ Simultaneous・andx

H Voicelss epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articula・
tions can be represented by two
symbols joined by a tie bar if
necessary

・ Voiced epiglottal fricative

・ Epiglottal plosive k・p t・s

Clicks		Voiced implosives		Ejectives
・	Bilabial	・	Bilabial	'	as in:
\|	Dental	・	Dental/alveolar	p'	Bilabial
!	(Post)alveolar	・	Polatal	t'	Dental/alveolar
・	Palatoalveolar	・	Velar	k'	Velar
∥	Alveolar lateral	・	Uvular	s'	Alveolar fricative

・	Primary stress	・fo・n・・tI・・n
・	Secondary stress	・fo・n・・tI・・n
・	Long	e・
・	Half-long	e・
・・	Extra-short	e・
.	Syllable break	・i.・kt
\|	Minor (foot) group
∥	Major (intonation) group
・・・	Linking (absence of a break)

LEVEL			CONTOUR
e・or・		Extra high	e・or・		Rising
e・or・		High	e・or・		Falling
e・or・		Mid			High rising
e・or・		Low			Low rising
e・or・		Extra low			Rising-falling etc.
↓	Downstep		・	Global rise
↑	Upstep		・	Global fall

・・	Voiceless	n・	d・	・・	Breathy voiced	b・	a・	・・	Dental	t・	d・
・・	Voiced	s・	t・	・・	Creaky voiced	b・	a・	・・	Apical	t・	d・
^h	Aspirated	t^h	d^h	・・	Linguolabial	t・	d・	・・	Laminal	t・	d・
・・	More rounded		・・	^w	Labialized	t^w	d^w	・・	Nasalized		e・
・・	Less rounded		・・	^j	Palatalized	t^j	d^j	ⁿ	Nasal release		dⁿ
・・	Advanced		u・	^γ	Velarised	t^γ	d^γ	^l	Lateral release		d^l
・・	Retraced		i・	^・	Pharyngealized	t^・	d^・	・・	No audible release		d・
・・	Centralized		e・	・・	Velarized or pharyngealized				l・
・・	Mid-centralized		e・	・・	Raised	e・	(・・ =voiced bilabial fricative)
・・	Syllabic		・・	・・	Lowered	e・	(β・ =voiced bilabial approximant)
・・	Non-syllabic		e・	・・	Advamced Tongue Root				e・
・	Rhoticity		・・	・・	Retraced Tongue Root				e・

・	Voicelss labial-velar fricative	・・	Alveolo-palatal fricatives
w	Voiced labial-velar approximant	・	Alvelar lateral flap
・	Voiced labial-palatal approximant	・	Simultaneous・andx
H	Voicelss epiglottal fricative	Affricates and double articula・ tions can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary
・	Voiced epiglottal fricative
・	Epiglottal plosive	k・p t・s